A dichroscope separates polarized colour components hidden inside anisotropic gemstones. Learn how to observe dichroism and trichroism in sapphire, ruby, tourmaline, iolite and tanzanite—and how pleochroism supports gemstone identification.
Learn how a gemstone polariscope uses crossed polarized light to distinguish singly refractive, doubly refractive and aggregate materials, detect strain and reveal uniaxial and biaxial optic figures
Gemstone inclusions are far more than imperfections. Mineral crystals, fluid inclusions, needles, healed fractures and growth structures can preserve evidence of how a gemstone formed, whether it was treated or laboratory-grown, and sometimes where it originated.
A gemstone refractometer converts gemstone optics into measurable evidence. Learn how to take accurate refractive-index readings, recognise single and double refraction, calculate birefringence, use spot readings and understand when RI alone is not enough
Many natural emeralds contain surface-reaching fissures that can be made less visible with oils, resins or other transparent fillers. Discover how clarity enhancement works, how laboratories detect and classify it, and what treatment means for value, care and disclosure.
Emerald is far more than green beryl. Explore its chromium and vanadium colour, characteristic inclusions, Colombian and Zambian geology, clarity enhancement, synthetic emerald and modern laboratory identification
Not all treated rubies are treated in the same way. Discover how conventional heating changes ruby, how flux can partially heal fractures, why glass filling is fundamentally different, and how gemmologists detect these treatments.
Ruby is red corundum—but identifying and interpreting it requires far more than colour. Explore chromium, fluorescence, inclusions, geology, heat treatment, synthetic ruby, fracture filling and modern geographic-origin determination.
A gemmological microscope reveals far more than magnification alone. Learn how darkfield, brightfield, fibre-optic, reflected and polarized illumination expose inclusions, colour zoning, treatments, surface features and growth structures.
Why is ruby red, sapphire blue, emerald green and amethyst purple? Explore the atomic and optical science behind gemstone color, including trace elements, charge transfer, colour centres, crystal defects, diffraction and interference.
