Gemstone treatments can alter colour, clarity and appearance without making a natural gemstone synthetic. Explore heating, emerald oiling, fracture filling, dyeing, irradiation and coatings, and learn why proper treatment disclosure matters.
Discover blue sapphire from a gemmologist’s perspective: its geological formation, iron-titanium colour mechanism, refractive index, spectroscopy, inclusions, treatments, synthetics and diagnostic identification features.
Discover ruby from a gemmologist’s perspective: how this red variety of corundum forms, why chromium creates its colour and fluorescence, and how refractive index, inclusions, spectroscopy and other diagnostic properties help identify it.
